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Reciprocating pump

yingxong — Thu, 03 Sep 2009 09:40:40 +0200

High-Pressure Hydraulic Pump , ciprocating pump attached to a Windmill on a farm.
Reciprocating pump is a positive displacement plunger pump. It is often used where relatively small quantity of liquid is to be handled and where delivery pressure is quite large.
Reciprocating pumps are used in High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
Examples
Some examples of reciprocating pumps include
- Windmill water pump
- Hand pum , hydraulic piston pump .
- Axial piston pum , rotary hand pump .
- Radial piston pum , impeller blower .
- Diaphragm pum , fire fighting pump .
See also
Pump
References
Pump Handbook third edition (EDITED BY Igor J. Karassik Joseph P. Messina Paul Cooper Charles C. Healdeald)
Maritime.org
Roymech.co.uk
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Rendering (food processing) for Industri...

yingxong — Wed, 26 Aug 2009 07:56:01 +0200

10watt Solar Panel ,

(Redirected from Rendering (industrial))

Rendering is a process that converts waste animal tissue into stable, value-added materials. Rendering can refer to any processing of animal byproducts into more useful materials, or more narrowly to the rendering of whole animal fatty tissue into purified fats like lard or tallow. Rendering can be carried out on an industrial, farm, or kitchen scale.
The majority of tissue processed comes from slaughterhouses but also includes restaurant grease and butcher shop trimmings, expired meat from grocery stores, the carcasses of euthanized and dead animals from animal shelters, zoos and veterinarians. This material can include the fatty tissue, bones, and offal, as well as entire carcasses of animals condemned at slaughterhouses, and those that have died on farms (deadstock), in transit, etc. The most common animal sources are beef, pork, sheep, and poultry.
The rendering process simultaneously dries the material and separates the fat from the bone and protein. A rendering process yields a fat commodity (yellow grease, choice white grease, bleachable fancy tallow, etc.) and a protein meal (meat & bone meal, poultry byproduct meal, etc.).
Rendering plants often also handle other materials, such as slaughterhouse blood, feathers and hair, but do so using processes distinct from true rendering.
Contents
1 Process variations
2 Rendering processes for edible products
3 Rendering processes for inedible products
4 History
5 Advantages and disadvantages of rendering
6 Economic impacts
7 Kitchen rendering
8 Bibliography
9 Further reading
10 External links
10.1 Industry organizations
10.2 Industry publication
10.3 Kitchen rendering

//

Process variations
The rendering process varies from plant to plant in many ways.
Whether the end products are to be used as human food is based on the type of raw material and the processing methods.
Whether the end products are to be used as animal or pet food
The material may be processed wet or dry. In wet processing, either boiling water or steam is added to the material causing fat to rise to the surface, while in dry processing, fat is released by dehydrating the raw material.
The temperature range used, whether high or low.
Processing may be either in discrete batches or in a continuous process.
The processing plant may be operated by an independent company that collects the material on the open market, or by the packing plant that produced the material.
Rendering processes for edible products
Edible rendering processes are basically meat processing operations and produce lard or edible tallow for use in food products. Edible rendering is generally carried out in a continuous process at low temperature (less than the boiling point of water). The process usually consists of finely chopping the edible fat materials (generally fat trimmings from meat cuts), heating them with or without added steam, and then carrying out two or more stages of centrifugal separation. The first stage separates the liquid water and fat mixture from the solids. The second stage further separates the fat from the water. The solids may be used in food products, pet foods, etc., depending on the original materials. The separated fat may be used in food products, or if in surplus, it may be diverted to soap making operations. Most edible rendering is done by meat packing or processing companies.
An alternative process cooks slaughterhouse offal to produce a thick lumpy stew which is then sold to the pet-food industry to be used principally as tinned cat and dog foods. Such plants are notable for the offensive odour that they can produce and are often sited well away from human habitation.
Rendering processes for inedible products
Materials that for aesthetic or sanitary reasons are not suitable for human food are the feedstocks for inedible rendering processes. Much of the inedible raw material is rendered using the "dry" method. This may be a batch or a continuous process in which the material is heated in a steam jacketed vessel to drive off the moisture and simultaneously release the fat from the fat cells. The material is first ground, then heated to release the fat and drive off the moisture, percolated to drain off the free fat, and then more fat is pressed out of the solids, which at this stage are called "cracklings" or "dry-rendered tankage". The cracklings are further ground to make meat and bone meal. A variation on a dry process involves finely chopping the material, fluidizing it with hot fat, and then evaporating the mixture in one or more evaporator stages. Some inedible rendering is done using a wet process, which is generally a continuous process similar in some ways to that used for
edible materials. The material is heated with added steam and then pressed to remove a water-fat mixture which is then separated into fat, water and fine solids by stages of centrifuging and/or evaporation. The solids from the press are dried and then ground into meat and bone meal. Most independent renderers process only inedible material.
History
The development of rendering was primarily responsible for the profitable utilization of meat industry by-products, which in turn allowed the development of a massive industrial-scale meat industry that made food more economical for the consumer. Rendering has been carried out for many centuries, primarily for soap and candle making. The earliest rendering was done in a kettle over an open fire. This type of rendering is still done on farms to make lard (pork fat) for food purposes. With the development of steam boilers, it was possible to jacket the kettle to make a higher grade product and to reduce the danger of fire. A further development came in the nineteenth century with the use of the steam "digester" which was simply a tank used as a pressure cooker in which live steam was injected into the material being rendered. This process was a wet rendering process called "tanking" and was used for both edible and inedible products, although the better grades of edible product
s were made using the open kettle process. After the material was "tanked", the free fat was run off, the remaining water ("tank water") was run into a separate vat, and the solids were removed and dried by both pressing and steam-drying in a jacketed vessel. The tank water was either run into a sewer or it was evaporated to make glue or protein concentrate to add to fertilizer. The solids were used to make fertilizer.
The pressure tank made possible the development of the Chicago meat industry in the USA, with its huge concentration in one geographic area, because it allowed the economic disposal of byproducts which would otherwise overwhelm the environment in that area. At first, small companies that sprang up near the packers did the rendering. Later the packers themselves took up the industry once they saw the potential. Gustavus Swift, Nelson Morris, and Lucius Darling were among the early pioneers of the U.S. rendering industry with their personal backing and/or direct participation in the developing rendering industry.
Technological innovations came rapidly as the 20th century advanced. Some of these were in the uses for rendered products and others were in the rendering methods themselves. In the 1920s, a batch dry rendering process was invented, in which the material was cooked in horizontal steam-jacketed cylinders that were similar to the fertilizer dryers of the day. Advantages claimed for the dry process were economy in energy use, a better protein yield, faster processing, and fewer obnoxious odours attending the process. Gradually, over the years, the wet "tanking" process was replaced with the dry process, so that by the end of...
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Reflecting instrument for Wooden Mirror...

yingxong — Wed, 26 Aug 2009 06:48:01 +0200

Gold Embrossed Frame ,

Reflecting instruments are those that use mirrors to enhance their ability to make measurements. In particular, the use of mirrors permits one to observe two objects simultaneously while measuring the angular distance between the objects. While they are used in many professions, they are primarily associated with celestial navigation, as the need to solve navigation problems, in particular the problem of the longitude, was the primary motivation in their development.
Contents
1 Objectives of the instruments
2 Early reflecting instruments
2.1 Joost van Breen's reflecting cross-staff
2.2 Robert Hooke's Single-reflecting instrument
2.3 Halley's reflecting instrument
2.4 Newton's reflecting quadrant
3 The octant
4 The sextant
5 Types of sextants
6 Beyond the sextant
6.1 Quintant and others
6.2 Reflecting circles
6.3 Bris Sextant
7 References
8 External links

//

Objectives of the instruments
The purpose of reflecting instruments as to allow an observer to measure the altitude of a celestial object or measure the angular distance between two objects. The driving force behind the developments discussed here was the solution to the problem of finding one's longitude at sea. The solution to this problem was seen to require an accurate means of measuring angles and the accuracy was seen to rely on the observer's ability to measure this angle by simultaneously observing two objects at once.
The deficiency of prior instruments was well known. By requiring the observer to observe two objects with two divergent lines of sight increased the likelihood of an error. Those that considered the problem realized that the use of specula (mirrors in modern parlance) could permit two objects to be observed in a single view. What followed is a series of inventions and improvements that refined the instrument to the point that its accuracy exceeded that which was required for determining longitude. Any further improvements required a completely new technology.
Early reflecting instruments
Some of the early reflecting instruments were proposed by scientists such as Robert Hooke and Isaac Newton. These were little used or may not have been built or tested extensively. The van Breen instrument was the exception, in that it was used by the Dutch. However, it had little influence outside of the Netherlands.
Joost van Breen's reflecting cross-staff
Invented in 1660 by the Dutch Joost van Breen, the spiegelboog (mirror-bow) was a reflecting cross staff. This instrument appears to have been used for approximately 100 years, mainly in the Zeeland Chamber of the VOC (The Dutch East Indian Company).
Robert Hooke's Single-reflecting instrument

Representative drawing of Hooke's reflecting instrument. It does not accurately depict the fine details of the instrument but rather the basic functionality.
The index with telescope mounted is shown in black, the radius arm with the mirror (grey) attached in blue and the chord in green on white. The lines of sight are represented by the red dashed line.
Hooke's instrument was a single-reflecting instrument. It used a single mirror to reflect the image of an astronomical object to the observer's eye. This instrument was first described in 1666 and a working model was presented by Hooke at a meeting of the Royal Society some time later.
The device consisted of three primary components, an index arm, a radial arm and a graduated chord. The three were arranged in a triangle as in the image on the right. A telescopic sight was mounted on the index arm. At the point of rotation of the radial arm, a single mirror was mounted. This point of rotation allowed the angle between the index arm and the radial arm to be changed. The graduated chord was connected to the opposite end of the radial arm and the chord was permitted to rotate about the end. The chord was held against the distant end of the index arm and slid against it. The graduations on the chord were uniform and, by using it to measure the distance between the ends of the index arm and the radial arm, the angle between those arms could be determined. A table of chords was used to convert a measurement of distance to a measurement of angle. The use of the mirror resulted in the measured angle being twice the angle included by the index and the radius arm. >
The mirror on the radial arm was small enough that the observer could see the reflection of an object in half the telescope's view while seeing straight ahead in the other half. This allowed the observer to see both objects at once. Aligning the two objects together in the telescopes view resulted in the angular distance between them to be represented on the graduated chord.
While Hooke's instrument was novel and attracted some attention at the time, there is no evidence that it was subjected to any tests at sea. The instrument was little used and did not have any significant effect on astronomy or navigation.
Halley's reflecting instrument

A drawing of Halley's reflecting instrument. The telescope is represented by the blue lines (as if cut open) and the mirrors and lenses are grey. The red dashed lines represent lines of sight.
In 1692, Edmond Halley presented the design of a reflecting instrument to the Royal Society.
This is an interesting instrument, combining the functionality of a radio latino with a double telescope. The telescope (AB in the image to the right), has an eyepiece at one end and a mirror (D) partway along its length with one objective lens at the far end (B). The mirror only obstructs half the field (either left or right) and permits the objective to be seen on the other. Reflected in the mirror is the image from the second objective lens (C). This permits the observer to see both images, one straight through and one reflected, simultaneously besides each other. It is essential that the focal lengths of the two objective lenses be the same and that the distances from the mirror to either lens be identical. If this condition is not met, the two images cannot be brought to a common focus.
The mirror is mounted on the staff (DF) of the radio latino portion of the instrument and rotates with it. The angle this side of the radio latino's rhombus makes to the telescope can be set by adjusting the rhombus' diagonal length. In order to facilitate this and allow for fine adjustment of the angle, a screw (EC) is mounted so as to allow the observer to change the distance between the two vertexes (E and C).
The observer sights the horizon with the direct lens' view and sights a celestial object in the mirror. Turning the screw to bring the two images directly adjacent sets the instrument. The angle is determined by taking the length of the screw between E and C and converting this to an angle in a table of chords.
Halley specified that the telescope tube be rectangular in cross section. This makes construction easy, but is not a requirement as other cross section shapes can be accommodated. The four sides of the radio latino portion (CD, DE, EF, FC) must be equal in length in order for the angle between the telescope and the objective lens side (AD-DC) to be precisely twice the angle between the telescope and the mirror (AD-DF) (or in other words - to enforce the angle of incidence being equal to the angle of reflection). Otherwise, instrument collimation will be compromised and the resulting measurements would be in error.
The celestial object's elevation angle could have been determined by reading from graduations on the staff at the slider, however, that's not how Halley designed the instrument. This may suggest that the overall design of the instrument was coincidentally like a radio latino and that Halley may not have been familiar with that...
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Adicolor for adidas adicolor shoes

yingxong — Tue, 11 Aug 2009 09:29:01 +0200

Sell Shoes To Jrodan Country ,

The Adicolor concept was launched by adidas in 1983 where trainers (sneakers) were sold with the tools that they could be customised by the purchaser.
The "adicolor" sneaker was an all white training shoe was specifically created for the adicolor concept. Presented in a wooden box, the adicolor low-top shoe comes with an all-white track jacket, a set of six colored acrylic paints, paintbrushes, and a wooden palette. The white leather can also be coated with sealant before or after painting.
In 2005 Adidas re-launched Adicolor as a replica of the original. Trainers include characters on them such as "Trimmy" "Betty Boop" "Mr Happy" "Tron" "Miss Piggy", "Kermit the Frog" and Muhammad Ali.
There are similarities between the 1983 version and the 2005 version such as the "ghilly" lacing system and a rubber outsole. Each pair comes with two types of laces, one containing Leonardo da Vinci's quote, "For all those colours which you wish to be beautiful, always start with a fresh white ground".
One of the Adicolor range was criticised by the Organization of Chinese Americans for presenting a stereotyped image of Asians.
References
^ "Sneakerhead Bonanza". The New York Times. 2006-03-23. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/23/fashion/thursdaystyles/23ROW.html?_r=1&ex=1143781200&en=d9e59478e87c5bbb&ei=5070&emc=eta1&oref=slogin. Retrieved on 2008-04-18.
^ "Asians Decry Adidas Shoe as a Misstep". Washington Post. 2006-04-14. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/13/AR2006041301886_pf.html. Retrieved on 2008-04-18.
External links
adicolor 2006:Self expression and customization - press release 2005.
Categories: Adidas brands
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Metahuman for Baby Temperature Monitor

yingxong — Tue, 11 Aug 2009 07:29:03 +0200

Embedded Thermal Receipt Printer ,

Metahuman
Publication information
Publisher
DC Comics
Characteristics
Place of origin
Earth
Metahuman is a term to describe superhumans in DC Comics' shared universe, the DC Universe. It is roughly synonymous with both mutant and mutate (in the Marvel Universe) and posthuman in the Wildstorm and Ultimate Marvel Universes. Use of the term in reference to superheroes was coined in 1986 by author George R. R. Martin, first in the Superworld role playing system, and then later in his Wild Cards series of novels.
Contents
1 DC Comics: Invasion! Origins & Definition
1.1 The Metagene
1.2 White Martians
1.3 Metavirus
1.4 Population
1.5 Exo-gene
1.6 Homo magi
2 Usage
2.1 Marvel Comics
2.2 Ultimate Marvel
2.3 Amalgam Comics
2.4 City of Heroes
2.5 GURPS
2.6 Shadowrun
2.7 Static Shock
2.8 Wild Cards
2.9 Smallville
2.10 Metahuman Press
3 See also
4 Notes and references
5 External links

//

DC Comics: Invasion! Origins & Definition
Main article: Invasion! (DC Comics)
Metahuman is a term coined by the fictitious alien Dominators (in DC Comics' Invasion! miniseries), and used to describe any human being with what are commonly described as "super powers". The prefix "meta-" simply means "beyond", describing persons and abilities beyond human limits.
The Metagene
The series provided a concept for why humans in the DC Universe would survive catastrophic events and develop "super powers." One of the Dominators discovered that some humans had a "biological variant" he called the meta-gene (also spelled "metagene"). This gene often lay dormant until a moment of extraordinary physiological stress activated it, and upon activation it would use the source of the biostress as a catalyst for "genetic change," resulting in metahuman abilities. The previous statement is a paraphrase of the explanation provided in the comic series. It should also be noted that DC does not use the "metagene concept" as a solid editorial rule, and few writers explicitly reference the metagene when explaining a character's origin.
DC also has characters born with superhuman abilities, suggesting the metagene can activate spontaneously and without any prior appearance in the ancestry. One well-known example involves Dinah Laurel Lance, the second Black Canary. Although her mother (Dinah Drake Lance, the original Black Canary) was a superhero, neither she nor her husband Larry Lance were born with any known metagenes. However, Dinah Laurel was born with a metagene, the famed ultrasonic scream known as the Canary Cry.
The prefix meta-, in this context, simply means "beyond"s in metastable, which is beyond regular stability and ready to collapse at the slightest disruption, or metamorphosis, which is the state of going beyond a single shape. In the DC comic mini-series Legends, the Dominators point out that the location of the Meta-gene is somewhere near the brain. (Of course, in reality every cell in the body would contain this gene.)
In the DC Comics universe, metahuman criminals are incarcerated in special metahuman prisons, like the one built on Alcatraz Island, which is outfitted not only with provisions to hold criminals whose powers are science and technology-based, but even mystical dampeners to hold villains (including Homo magi) whose powers are magic based. Prisoners in this facility are tagged with nanobyte tracers injected into their bloodstream that allow them to be located wherever they are.
It is possible for individuals skilled in science and biology to manipulate, dampen or modify the activities of the metagene: while the Dominators were able to devise a Gene Bomb able to accelerate the metagene activity to the point of cellular and physical instabilities, during the Final Crisis, an anti-metagene virus was spread as a last ditch weapon in the invaded Checkmate quarters. This metavirus has the opposite effects of the Gene Bomb, curbing and shutting down the metagene and stripping the metahumans of their powers for an unspecified amount of time.
White Martians
Main article: White Martian
According to the storyline in Justice League of America (#4) by Grant Morrison, and the storylines in Martian Manhunter (#25 - 27) by John Ostrander, and Son of Vulcan (#5), the genetic potential for a future metagene was discovered in ancient human DNA by the White Martian race. The White Martians performed experiments on these primitive humans, changing the metagene.
Due to their experimentations, they actually altered the destiny of the human race. Whereas before evolution would have eventually made mankind into a race of superhumans similar to the Daxamites and Kryptonians, now only a select few humans would be able to develop metahuman powers. As punishment for this, the group of renegades known as the Hyperclan was exiled to the Still Zone, a version of the Phantom Zone.
Metavirus
The White Martians also created a metavirus, a metagene that could be passed from host to host via touch. This metavirus was responsible for the empowerment of the very first Son of Vulcan. And from that time onwards the Sons of Vulcan passed the metavirus down in an unbroken line, sworn to hunt and kill White Martians.
Population
The terms "meta" and "metahuman" does not only refer to humans born with biological variants. Superman and Martian Manhunter (aliens) as well as Wonder Woman (a near-goddess) and Aquaman (an Atlantean) are referred to in many instances as "metahumans." It can refer to anyone with extranormal powers, no matter the origins and including those not born with such power. According to Countdown to Infinite Crisis, there are roughly 1.3 million metahumans on Earth, 99.5% of which are considered "nuisance-level" (such as kids who can bend spoons with their mind and the old lady "who keeps hitting at Powerball"). The other 0.5% are what Checkmate and the OMACs consider alpha and beta level threats. For example, Superman and Wonder Woman were categorized as alpha level, while Metamorpho was considered a beta.
Exo-gene
The 52 mini-series introduced a toxic mutagen called the Exo-gene (also referred to as the Exogene). It is a toxic gene therapy treatment created by Lexcorp for the Everyman Project which creates metahuman abilities in compatible non-metahumans. First appears in 52 #4, first announcement of the Everyman Project in 52 #8. The project was controversial, creating a lot of unstable heroes and gave Luthor an "off switch" for their powers, creating countless mid-flight deaths.
Homo magi
Main article: Homo Magi
DC also suggests that some humans have inherent ability to utilize magic, and these humans are part of a branch or offshoot of humanity referred to as the Homo magi, who have interbred with normal humans. As with aliens and mutants with superhuman powers, Homo magi are also often classed together as Metas by the general public of the DCU.
Usage
Marvel Comics
The word "metahuman" is most often attributed to DC Comics Universe, while Marvel superpowered beings are commonly referred to as mutants or mutates. However, both DC and Marvel have made use of the terms "metahuman" and "mutant" within their own universes. The first use of the term 'metahuman' in the Marvel universe was in the New Mutants Annual #3, written by Chris Claremont, released in 1987. In it, a Russian security officer describes the protagonists as "metahuman terrorists".[citation needed]
In Marvel Comics, metahuman can sometimes be used as a term used to describe an attribute of a character that possesses a high degree of superhuman durability. A character possessing metahuman level invulnerability can withstand virtually all puncture wounds,...
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State Trading Organization for Lpg Gas R...

yingxong — Tue, 11 Aug 2009 05:09:01 +0200

copper check valve ,

State Trading Organization Plc.
Type
Public
Founded
Mal, Maldives (1964)
Headquarters
Boduthakurufaanu Magu Mal, Maldives
Key people
Ahmed Mohamed, CEO
Industry
Consumer Electronics, Home Appliances, Medicals, Supermarket Products, and range of other high quality products
Products
""N/A""
Revenue
? MRF 5.1 Billion (2007)
Employees
802
Website
www.stomaldives.com

A close-up view of the STO building
The State Trading Organization (MSE:STO) or STO is a public company with 92.29% of the shares owned by the Maldivian Government with the rest 7.71% being held by the public after the IPO a couple of years ago. It is operated directly under the Ministry of Trade and Industries, and is controlled by a board of directors headed by a Chairman.
Contents
1 History
2 Outlets
3 Services
4 Subsidiaries
5 References
6 External links

//

History
When STO took root in 1964, the outlook for the Maldives was grim to say the least. The population was a mere 100,000. The only communication with the outside world was the Morse code and the ham radio. The only airstrip was one put together by the British Royal Air force and inter-atoll transport was limited to trips on the traditional sailing dhoni.
The only resource available was fish, and consumers were at the mercy of importers. Even the most basic food items were expensive. The country had no banks development was slow with no local fund for major investments and no commercial industry.
The need for a central purchasing organization to raise living standards and encourage development was acute. The government responded with the establishment of the Athireegemaafannu Trading Agency (ATA) - the beginning of STO, and the catalyst of change in the Maldives.
ATA financed the purchase and import of essential items in bulk; sold them to the public at low mark-up prices and also purchased supplies for the government.
With proven success in contributing to national development, ATA expanded into the State Trading Organization (STO). The STO undertook all trading and commercial activity on behalf of the Maldivian government.
The nation was growing, and so were the nation's demands. Now the need was not just for staples like rice sugar and flow, but also for quality merchandise, improved construction material and for state-of-the-art consumer goods.
The winds of change were blowing across the nation and STO responded by looking beyond its traditional role of state trader. It began to take up alternative enterprises to earn foreign exchange and broaden the nation's revenue sources.
Building in a background of solid commercial success, STO has streamlined The Operation to where profit and viability are equally important as the need to ensure availability of essential commodities at affordable prices.
Now, STO has become the dynamic Organization demanded by a prosperous, rapidly developing country. The Maldivian economy is booming and STO, with diversified business, is a constant source of support.
Outlets
STO People's Choice Electronics - Established in 1993, STO Electronics deals with branded consumer electronics including home theater systems, digital photography and video equipments, stereo and hi-fi systems and microsystems.
STO People's Choice Home Improvement - Established in May 1995, deals with home appliances, paints, power tools, furniture and cooling systems.
People's Choice Supermart - Established in 1991, Supermart is reputed to be the largest supermarket in the country. It also introduced supermarkets to the nation which provided an inexpensive mode of shopping to the public. Deals with merchandise ranging from toiletries, stationeries, canned and frozen foods, household items and consumer goods.
Staple Foods - Since the establishment of STO in the mid 60s, it has been endowed with the responsibility of ensuring availability of staple foods at reasonably affordable prices while maintaining high qualities.
People's Choice Construction - Established in 1988, deals with construction materials such as cement, river sand, deformed bars, plywood, timber, and roofing materials. It also functions as the main distributor of locally packed international standard cement and roofing sheets with the aide of its subsidiaries Maldives Marine Cement and Maldives Structural Products.
People's Choce Pharmacy - Provides pharmaceutical drugs and other medical items to public consumers and corporate clients such as Indira Gandhi Memorial Hospital, local pharmaceutical companies and the regional hospitals.
STO Peoples Choice Fuel and Lubricants - Operated from Funadhoo island and Dhoonidhoo island (Mal Atoll) deals with the supply and sale of a wide variety of petroleum products. In January 2001, Fuel and Lubricants diversified as a joint venture between Fuel Supplies Maldives Pvt. Ltd. (FSM) Plc. and Vara Maldives. Pvt. Ltd. to further extend their distribution network to the entire Maldives.
Services
STO specializes in both retail and wholesale businesses involving selling goods directly to end customers for personal use and providing quality products to wholesale customers at competitive prices.
The company has its branches in the following islands (locations) nationwide:
Eydhafushi (STO 132 No. Fihaara)
Fonadhoo (STO 134 No. Fihaara)
Fuvammulah (STO 136 No. Fihaara)
Gan (STO 141 No. Theyo Fihaara)
Hithadhoo (STO 137 No Fihaara)
Hoarafushi (STO 122 No. Fihaara)
Maradhoo-Feydhoo (STO 159 No. Fihaara)
Thinadhoo (STO 138 No. Fihaara)
STO established its credit scheme service in 1995 with the purpose of enabling all government employees to purchase goods from STO on installment basis.
Subsidiaries
Allied Insurance Company Maldives Pte Ltd - Allied Insurance Company of the Maldives was established in 1985 as a joint venture Company between State Trading Organization and Commercial Union Assurance Company of the United Kingdom. In its early years, the State Trading Organization bought back the shares and the company continued operations with local ownership and management. Allied has had tremendous growth over the past 20 years, both in terms of the volume of business and profitability.
Fuel Supplies Maldives Pvt Ltd (FSM) - Fuel Supplies Maldives Pvt Ltd was established on January 01, 2001 with the blessings and good grace of Allah. FSM was founded as part of the scheme of STO to choose private companies to form partnerships in specialized lines of services. Innumerable opportunities would be open for these private parties to take advantage of STO vast experience, knowledge and influence as one of the oldeststablished trading entities in the Maldives.
Maldive Gas Pte Ltd - Maldive Gas, natural gas distribution market, delivering cooking gas to over 40,000 customers throughout the Maldives. We supply Liquefied Petroleum bottled gas in 10kg, 22kg and 45kg cylinders with a wide range of appliances in domestic and industrial purposes. We also sell products from gas stoves to regulators and other LPG equipments. Maldive gas now provides our customers with better service than before.
Maldives Structural Products Pvt. Ltd (MSP) - Maldives Structural Products Pvt. Ltd (MSP) is a joint venture company of State Trading Organization PLC & Rainbow Enterprises Pvt. Ltd., formed with the main objective of producing steel roofing products and related accessories and supply to the Maldives market at an affordable price. The Company is constantly working to reduce costs wherever possible, without compromising the quality, so that the consumers will get the best value for money. The raw materials used are Australian made BlueScope Steel Colorbond...
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Albert Anastasia for Crazy Fit Massager

yingxong — Tue, 11 Aug 2009 03:28:01 +0200

,

Albert Anastasia
Born
Umberto AnastasioSeptember 26, 1902(1902-09-26)Tropea, Calabria, Italy
Died
October 25, 1957 (aged55)New York City, New York, U.S.
Knownfor
Murder, Inc.
Title
Gambino Crime Family Boss
Predecessor
Vincent Mangano
Successor
Carlo Gambino
Parents
Raffaelo Anastasio (1869-1920)Louisa Nomina de Filippi (1885-c1925)
Relatives
Anthony Anastasio (1906-1963), brotherGerardo Anastasia, brotherSalvatore Anastasia (1919-1973), a brother
Albert Anastasia (born Umberto Anastasio) (September 26, 1902 October 25, 1957), also known as the "Mad Hatter" and "Lord High Executioner", was a New York City Cosa Nostra boss remembered for his brutality and his role in running the contract killing gang known as Murder, Inc.
Contents
1 Early years
2 Anastasia's rise to power
2.1 Loyalties during the Castellammarese War
2.2 Murder, Incorporated
2.3 World War II
2.4 Boss
3 Executing the executioner
4 Popular culture
5 References

//

Early years
Anastasia had familial ties to a number of Mafia organizations. He was father-in-law to Dominick Cataldo and Joseph Cataldo and Anthony Scotto who was President of the International Longshoremen's Association (ILA). Albert had one known son named Anthony Anastasio, named after his uncle born on December 21, 1928 in Williamsburg, Brooklyn.
Born in Tropea, Calabria, Italy one of nine brothers (one brother, Anthony, also joined in a life of crime) Anastasia moved to New York City around 1919. He became active in Brooklyn's waterfront operations and rose to a position of authority in the longshoremen's union, the ILA. It was here that Anastasia first demonstrated his penchant for homicide at the slightest provocation, killing a fellow longshoreman in the early 1920s an offense which led to an 18-month sentence at Sing Sing Prison in Ossining, New York. However, he was released early, being granted a new trial which would never take place, as four important witnesses turned up missing a situation that proved permanent.
Early in his organized crime career, Anastasia served in a gang led by Giuseppe "Joe the Boss" Masseria. Anastasia was always a devoted follower of others, primarily Charles "Lucky" Luciano and Frank Costello. His devotion to Luciano knew no bounds. His paternal niece Louise Anastasia and her husband Joseph Cataldo, the brother of Dominick Cataldo had stood with Gambino crime family associate Salvatore Polisi and his wife Rose Marie Noto when Father Joseph Greenfelder baptized Salvatore's youngest son, Joseph Polisi at St. Elizabeth's Church in Ozone Park, New York.
Anastasia's rise to power
Loyalties during the Castellammarese War
In 1930, Luciano finalized his plans to take over the organized crime rackets in New York by destroying the two old-line Mafia factions headed by Masseria and Salvatore Maranzano. Luciano outlined his plot to Anastasia, who joined him and Benjamin "Bugsy" Siegel in the plot. Anastasia assured Luciano that he would kill everyone for Luciano to reach the top. Anastasia knew that if Luciano ran the National Crime Syndicate, he would eventually get a "piece of the action." Anastasia therefore participated in the four-man death squad that gunned down Masseria in Nuova Villa Tammaro, a Coney Island restaurant, on 15 April 1931.
With the subsequent murder of Salvatore Maranzano, Luciano became the preeminent mobster in America. To avoid the power struggles and turf disputes that led to the Castellammarese War, Luciano established the National Crime Syndicate (more familiarly known as the "Commission") consisting of the major family bosses from around the country and the so-called "five families" of New York. The Commission was meant to serve as a deliberative body to solve disputes, carve up and distribute territories, and regulate lucrative illegal activities such as racketeering, gambling, and bootlegging (which would come to a close with the repeal of Prohibition in 1933).
Murder, Incorporated
To reward Anastasia's loyalty, Luciano placed him and Louis "Lepke" Buchalter, the nation's leading labor racketeer, in control of the Commission's enforcement arm, The Boys From Brooklyn (now known as Murder, Incorporated). Murder, Inc., was a group of mainly Jewish killers that operated out of the back room of Midnight Rose's, a candy store in the Brownsville section of Brooklyn, New York. During its ten years of operation, it is estimated that Murder Inc. committed between 400 and 700 murders, many of which were never solved. Unlike Lepke and many other members of Murder, Inc., Anastasia was never prosecuted for any of these murders. It is doubted by some that he even was involved, since as the boss of a family, he had his own killers to use if needed. During this period, Anastasia's business card claimed that he was a "sales representative" for the Convertible Mattress Corporation in Brooklyn, New York.
Murder, Inc. maintained its power until the early 1940s. After his arrest, hit man Abe "Kid Twist" Reles made a deal granting him immunity from prosecution. Reles' testimony helped convict many of the group's hit men, including co-boss Buchalter. In retaliation, Anastasia promised a $100,000 reward for Reles' death. On 12 November 1941, on the eve of his testimony, Reles was killed by being thrown out a window from a room guarded by police at the Half Moon Hotel in Coney Island.
World War II
In 1936, US Attorney Thomas Dewey convicted Luciano on a pandering charge. Some observers felt that the charges were a frameup depending on the testimony of prostitutes and minor criminals. Supposedly Luciano was so high in the mob structure that he would never have dealt with these people as they claimed. Luciano received a 30- to 50-year sentence. During World War II, Anastasia reportedly originated the plan to win a pardon for Luciano by helping the war effort.
With America needing allies in Sicily to advance the invasion of Italy, and the desire of the Navy to dedicate its resources to the war, Anastasia orchestrated a deal to obtain lighter treatment for Luciano while he was in prison, and after the war, a parole in exchange for the Mafia protecting the waterfront and Luciano's assistance with his associates in Sicily.
Boss
Anastasia's violent ways were contained as long as Luciano and Costello were in control. In 1951, Costello was regarded as being the prime mover in Anastasia's rise to boss of the Mangano (later Gambino) crime family.
Through the years, boss Vincent Mangano had fumed at Anastasia's closeness to Luciano, Costello, and others and that they obtained Anastasia's services without first seeking Mangano's permission. This and other business disputes almost led to blows between Mangano and Anastasia, and it was only a matter of time before one or the other was ordered killed. In early 1951, Vincent Mangano went missing, and his brother Phil was murdered. After the deaths of the Mangano brothers, Anastasia claimed control of the family with Costello's active support.
Executing the executioner
Vito Genovese cunningly used Anastasia's brutal behavior against him in an effort to woo Anastasia's supporters away. Secretly over the next few years, Genovese won the cooperation of Anastasia's underboss, Carlo Gambino. However, Genovese dared not move against Anastasia and his real target, Costello, because of Meyer Lansky, an influential and rich mob associate. Lansky and Genovese were long-standing enemies, with disputes dating from the 1920s. Genovese could not make a power play without Lansky's support.
Anastasia's ambition soon drove Lansky to help Genovese. During the 1950s, Lansky was extremely successful in controlling casino gambling in Cuba, offering other mafia bosses...
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Vauxhall Viva for bolt-on lambo door

yingxong — Mon, 10 Aug 2009 10:32:01 +0200

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Vauxhall Viva
Vauxhall Viva (HC)
Manufacturer
Vauxhall Motors
Parent company
General Motors
Production
19631979
Assembly
Ellesmere Port, Cheshire, England
Successor
Vauxhall Astra , Vauxhall Chevette
Class
Small family car
The Viva was produced by Vauxhall Motors in a succession of three versions between 1963 and 1979. These were known as the HA, the HB and the HC series.
The Viva appeared a year after Vauxhall's sister company launched the Opel Kadett A: visually the two cars' kinship was apparent.
In the UK the Viva's principal competitors at the time of its launch included the well established Ford Anglia and Morris Minor.
Contents
1 HA Viva (1963-1966)
2 HB Viva (1966-1970)
3 HC Viva (1970-1979)
4 Name revival
5 References
6 External links

//

HA Viva (1963-1966)
Vauxhall Viva HA
Viva HA basic model 1965
Production
19631966309,538 produced
Body style(s)
2-door saloon
Engine(s)
1057cc ohv straight-4
Wheelbase
91.5in (2324mm)
Length
155in (3937mm)
Width
59.5in (1511mm)
Height
53.25in (1353mm)
Curb weight
1,564lb (709kg) (standard)1,628lb (738kg)(90 SL)
Fuel capacity
7impgal (32L; 8US gal)
The Viva HA (1963-1966) was Vauxhall's first serious step into the compact car market after World War 2. It was also the first new small car produced by Vauxhall since 1936. It had a 1057cc overhead valve engine. The 4 cylinder front mounted engine drove the rear wheels. It was comparable in size and mechanical specifications to the new Opel Kadett released a year earlier in continental Europe. Both the Viva and Kadett were sold alongside each other in many markets.
No four-door or estate versions of the HA Viva were available. A limited-production estate car conversion by Martin Walter Ltd. of Folkestone, based on the Bedford HA van, was known as the Bedford Beagle.
There was a van version of the Viva HA, which was known as the Bedford 8 or 10 cwt Van. This remained in production until 1983. Thousands of these vehicles were bought by the GPO (later British Telecom) and these bright yellow vans were a common sight.
These differed from the HA Viva saloon version in being taller. As the HA Van continued in production after the HA Viva had been replaced by the HB and HC models, the engine was uprated as were other items on it over the course of its production run.
The HA Van was eventually supplanted by the Chevanne. However, due to fleet orders, particularly from British Telecom and the Post Office, the HA van actually stayed in production using the later HC Viva's engine, gearbox and rear axle - until 1983.
The HA set new standards in its day for lightweight, easy to operate controls, a slick short gearchange, lightweight steering and clutch pedal, good all-round visibility and relatively nippy performance. It was one of the first cars to be actively marketed towards women, perhaps as a result of these perceived benefits for them.
The front crossmember (steering, suspension and engine mounting) assembly from the HA became a very popular item for DIY hot rod builders in the UK, due to its simple self-contained mechanics, similar to older designs such as those from the 1930s, and ability to accommodate much larger engines within its span. The assembly featured a double wishbone/vertical telescopic dampers suspension design in combination with a transverse leaf spring attached to the front cross member at its centre position and the entire unit could be removed and adapted to another vehicle as a complete unit. (For similar reasons the Jaguar IRS assembly was often used at the rear of these custom cars). The rear suspension making do with conventional longitudial semi elliptic leaf springs and lever arm dampers.
In Canada, the HA was sold as the Vauxhall Viva by Pontiac/Buick dealers and also as the Envoy Epic by Chevrolet/Oldsmobile dealers, and was second in sales to the Volkswagen Beetle amongst imported compact cars.
The Viva was initially launched in base and Deluxe versions, identifiable by their simple horizontal slatted metal grills. A more luxurious SL (for Super Luxury) variant appeared in late 1965. Engines were available in two states of tune: entry level models came with a power output of 44.2bhp (33.0kW), while the Viva 90, having a higher 9:1 compression ration, provided 53.7bhp (40.0kW). The availability of two engines and three trim options enabled Vauxhall to offer six Viva variants in some markets. 90 models came with front disc brakes, while SLs featured contrasting bodyside flashes, a criss-cross crome plated front grill, full wheel covers, three-element round tail lights and better interior trim.
The HA chalked up over 306,000 sales in its run, giving Vauxhall a successful return to the small car market, which they had abandoned following World War Two.
The HA, however, suffered severely from corrosion problems along with other Vauxhall models of the time and very few of this model remain - one of the main problem areas being the cappings along the top side edges of the luggage compartment badly corroding and allowing water to enter, consequently leading to severe structural corrosion in the luggage compartment floor area. However, as with a lot of other British cars of that period, many Vivas failed to survive long term not so much due to their poor corrosion protection but more due to local British councils putting salt on the roads to melt ice during the winter.
HB Viva (1966-1970)
Vauxhall Viva HB
Viva HB SL model, from about 1967
Production
19661970566,391 produced
Body style(s)
2-door saloon4-door saloon3-door estate
Engine(s)
1159cc ohv straight-41599cc straight-41975 cc straight-4 (GT)
Wheelbase
95.75in (2432mm)
Length
161.1in (4092mm)
Width
63in (1600mm)
Height
53.3in (1354mm)
Curb weight
1,698lb (770kg) (standard)2,070lb (939kg) (GT)
Fuel capacity
8impgal (36L; 10US gal) or 12impgal (55L; 14US gal)
Related
Holden Torana
The Viva HB (1966-1970) was a larger car than the HA, featuring distinctive coke bottle styling, modelled after American General Motors (GM) models such as the Chevrolet Impala/Caprice of the time. It featured the same basic engine as the HA, but enlarged to 1159cc.
The HB used a completely different suspension design from the HA, having double-wishbone and coil springs with integrated telescopic dampers at the front, and trailing arms and coil springs at the rear. Lateral location and anti-squat of the rear axle was achieved using upper trailing arms mounted at approximately 45 fixed to lugs at the top of the differential. Both front and rear could also be fitted with optional anti-roll bars. The HB set new standards for handling in its class as a result of the adoption of this suspension design, where many of its contemporaries stuck with leaf springs and Macpherson struts.
This time, apart from the standard and 90 stages of tune, there was also, for a brief time, a Brabham SL/90 HB that was purported to have been developed with the aid of world racing champion Jack Brabham. Brabham models were marked out externally by distinctive black stripes at the front of the bonnet that curved round to the fenders and then headed back to end in a taper at the front doors. This model is almost impossible to find today. This model and the Viva GT are the two most sought after models made. The Brabham model differed from the standard Viva SL/90 in having a different cam-shaft, uprated suspension with anti-roll bars, different exhaust manifolds, and a unique twin-carb manifold, as well as differing interior trim.
Two...
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Chemical oxygen demand for AMMONIUM CERI...

yingxong — Mon, 10 Aug 2009 08:02:01 +0200

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In environmental chemistry, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) test is commonly used to indirectly measure the amount of organic compounds in water. Most applications of COD determine the amount of organic pollutants found in surface water (e.g. lakes and rivers), making COD a useful measure of water quality. It is expressed in milligrams per liter (mg/L), which indicates the mass of oxygen consumed per liter of solution. Older references may express the units as parts per million (ppm).
Contents
1 Overview
2 History
3 Using potassium dichromate
3.1 Blanks
3.2 Measurement of excess
4 Preparation Ferroin Indicator reagent
4.1 Calculations
5 Inorganic interference
6 Government regulation
7 See also
8 References
9 External links

//

Overview
The basis for the COD test is that nearly all organic compounds can be fully oxidized to carbon dioxide with a strong oxidizing agent under acidic conditions. The amount of oxygen required to oxidize an organic compound to carbon dioxide, ammonia, and water is given by:

This expression does not include the oxygen demand caused by the oxidation of ammonia into nitrate. The process of ammonia being converted into nitrate is referred to as nitrification. The following is the correct equation for the oxidation of ammonia into nitrate.

The second equation should be applied after the first one to include oxidation due to nitrification if the oxygen demand from nitrification must be known. Dichromate does not oxidize ammonia into nitrate, so this nitrification can be safely ignored in the standard chemical oxygen demand test.
The International Organization for Standardization describes a standard method for measuring chemical oxygen demand in ISO 6060 .
History
For many years, the strong oxidizing agent potassium permanganate (KMnO4) was used for measuring chemical oxygen demand. Measurements were called oxygen consumed from permanganate, rather than the oxygen demand of organic substances. Potassium permanaganate's effectiveness at oxidizing organic compounds varied widely, and in many cases biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) measurements were often much greater than results from COD measurements. This indicated that potassium permanganate was not able to effectively oxidize all organic compounds in water, rendering it a relatively poor oxidizing agent for determining COD.
Since then, other oxidizing agents such as ceric sulfate, potassium iodate, and potassium dichromate have been used to determine COD. Of these, potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) has been shown to be the most effective: it is relatively cheap, easy to purify, and is able to nearly completely oxidize almost all organic compounds.
In these methods, a fixed volume with a known excess amount of the oxidant is added to a sample of the solution being analyzed. After a refluxing digestion step, the initial concentration of organic substances in the sample is calculated from a titrimetric or spectrophotometric determination of the oxidant still remaining in the sample.
Using potassium dichromate
Potassium dichromate is a strong oxidizing agent under acidic conditions. (Acidity is usually achieved by the addition of sulfuric acid.) The reaction of potassium dichromate with organic compounds is given by:

where d = 2n/3 + a/6 - b/3 - c/2. Most commonly, a 0.25 N solution of potassium dichromate is used for COD determination, although for samples with COD below 50 mg/L, a lower concentration of potassium dichromate is preferred.
In the process of oxidizing the organic substances found in the water sample, potassium dichromate is reduced (since in all redox reactions, one reagent is oxidized and the other is reduced), forming Cr3+. The amount of Cr3+ is determined after oxidization is complete, and is used as an indirect measure of the organic contents of the water sample.
Blanks
Because COD measures the oxygen demand of organic compounds in a sample of water, it is important that no outside organic material be accidentally added to the sample to be measured. To control for this, a so-called blank sample is required in the determination of COD (and BOD, for that matter). A blank sample is created by adding all reagents (e.g. acid and oxidizing agent) to a volume of distilled water. COD is measured for both the water and blank samples, and the two are compared. The oxygen demand in the blank sample is subtracted from the COD for the original sample to ensure a true measurement of organic matter.
Measurement of excess
For all organic matter to be completely oxidized, an excess amount of potassium dichromate (or any oxidizing agent) must be present. Once oxidation is complete, the amount of excess potassium dichromate must be measured to ensure that the amount of Cr3+ can be determined with accuracy. To do so, the excess potassium dichromate is titrated with ferrous ammonium sulfate (FAS) until all of the excess oxidizing agent has been reduced to Cr3+. Typically, the oxidation-reduction indicator Ferroin is added during this titration step as well. Once all the excess dichromate has been reduced, the Ferroin indicator changes from blue-green to reddish-brown. The amount of ferrous ammonium sulfate added is equivalent to the amount of excess potassium dichromate added to the original sample.
Preparation Ferroin Indicator reagent
A solution of 1.485 g 1,10-phenanthroline monohydrate is added to a solution of 695 mg FeSO47H2O in water, and the resulting red solution is diluted to 100 mL.
Calculations
The following formula is used to calculate COD:

where b is the volume of FAS used in the blank sample, s is the volume of FAS in the original sample, and n is the normality of FAS. If milliliters are used consistently for volume measurements, the result of the COD calculation is given in mg/L.
The COD can also be estimated from the concentration of oxidizable compound in the sample, based on its stoichiometric reaction with oxygen to yield CO2 (assume all C goes to CO2), H2O (assume all H goes to H2O), and NH3 (assume all N goes to NH3), using the following formula:
COD = (C/FW)(RMO)(32)
Where C = Concentration of oxidizable compound in the sample,
FW = Formula weight of the oxidizable compound in the sample,
RMO = Ratio of the # of moles of oxygen to # of moles of oxidizable compound in their reaction to CO2, water, and ammonia
For example, if a sample has 500 wppm of phenol:
C6H5OH + 7O2 ? 6CO2 + 3H2O
COD = (500/94)(7)(32) = 1191 wppm
Inorganic interference
Some samples of water contain high levels of oxidizable inorganic materials which may interfere with the determination of COD. Because of its high concentration in most wastewater, chloride is often the most serious source of interference. Its reaction with potassium dichromate follows the equation:

Prior to the addition of other reagents, mercuric sulfate can be added to the sample to eliminate chloride interference.
The following table lists a number of other inorganic substances that may cause interference. The table also lists chemicals that may be used to eliminate such interference, and the compounds formed when the inorganic molecule is eliminated.
Inorganic molecule
Eliminated by
Elimination forms
Chloride
Mercuric sulfate
Mercuric chloride complex
Nitrite
Sulfamic acid
N2 gas
Ferrous iron
-
-
Sulfides
-
-
Government regulation
Many governments impose strict regulations regarding the maximum chemical oxygen demand allowed in wastewater before they can be returned to the environment. For example, in Switzerland, a maximum oxygen demand between 200 and 1000 mg/L...
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W. C. Bradley Co. for cast iron barbecue

yingxong — Mon, 10 Aug 2009 06:12:01 +0200

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W. C. Bradley Co.
Type
Private
Founded
Columbus, Georgia, USA (1885)
Headquarters
Columbus, Georgia, USA
Key people
Stephen T. Butler, Chairman and CEOWilliam B. Turner, Jr., ViceChairman and President
Industry
Leisure, Real estate
Website
wcbradleyco.com
The W. C. Bradley Co. is a privately held company founded in 1885 as a otton factoring business. Today the company includes divisions in textiles, farm implement manufacturing, row crop and livestock production, wholesale supply businesses for industrial and building contractors, and barbecue grill manufacturing.
W. C. Bradley Co. headquarters are located on the banks of the Chattahoochee River in Columbus, Georgia in renovated buildings dating from 1885 that were previously used to store cotton and other goods for the company's businesses. W. C. Bradley Real Estate Division manages the company's extensive property holdings including prime commercial property, industrial property, warehouse space, investment buildings and development properties. The Bradley Farms Division continues to operate in Omaha, Georgia.
Contents
1 History
1.1 19th century
1.2 20th century
1.3 21st century
2 Brands
3 External links

//

History
19th century
In 1885, W. C. Bradley began working as a clerk for Bussey-Goldsmith, a cotton factoring firm. Within a few years, he and his brother-in-law Samuel A. Carter purchased the cotton factoring business, changing the name to Carter and Bradley. The company soon expanded by adding a wholesale grocery department and began to manufacture a high grade fertilizer for the farmers who grew cotton.
In 1895, Bradley bought his brother-in-law's share of the business, and changed the name of the company to the W. C. Bradley Co. Over the next five years Bradley bought Eagle and Phenix Mills and founded the Columbus Manufacturing Company, two of the largest textile mills in the South. He also built a large cotton warehouse, which is now listed on the National Register of Historic Places and today houses the corporate and administrative offices of the W. C. Bradley Co., the W. C. Bradley Co. Museum, and the D. A. Turner Memorial Chapel.
20th century
In 1917, Bradley purchased five plantations located 45 miles (72 km) south of Columbus, along the Chattahoochee River. Today they form the base of the company's Farm Division with 4,000 acres (16 km2) of row crops including peanuts, soybeans, corn, and wheat, 30,000 acres (120 km2) of timber, and a modern scientific swine-handling facility producing over 10,000 hogs per year for market.
During the early 1920s, Bradley continued to diversify his holdings. He acquired the Hamburger Cotton Mills and renamed them Bradley Manufacturing Company. In 1925, the W. C. Bradley Co. acquired control of the Columbus Iron Works. The Iron Works, dating back to 1849, had manufactured cannons and cannon balls as well as gunboats for the Confederacy during the American Civil War, and in 1872 the world's first commercial ice machines. When Bradley took over ownership, the Iron Works began manufacturing circulating heaters and stoves as well as horse-drawn farm implements.
The textile mills were sold during the 1940s. Upon W. C. Bradley's death on July 26, 1947, his son-in-law D. A. Turner became Chairman of the Board.
In 1949, the Iron Works manufactured its first cast iron barbecue grill. Gas grills were added in the 1960s. In 1973, the Manufacturing Division moved from the Columbus Iron Works to a new modern plant in Bradley Industrial Park. This division became known as W. C. Bradley Enterprises in 1977, and is now known as Char-Broil.
D.A. Turner died on August 11, 1982, and his son, William B. Turner assumed the title of Chairman. William B. Turner had been actively managing the company since he became Vice Chairman and Chief Executive Officer in 1973.
On August 4, 1987, William B. Turner stepped down as Chairman and turned the management of the company over to the fourth generation of the founder's family. This new W. C. Bradley Co. executive team included Stephen Turner Butler as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer and William B. Turner, Jr. as President and Chief Operating officer.
Lamplight in Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin, was purchased and added to the W. C. Bradley Co. Home Leisure Group in 1998. Lamplight is a producer of indoor lamps and oil, scented indoor candles, and decorative outdoor natural flame products. These products are marketed under the Lamplight and Tiki brands.
21st century
Zebco, headquartered in Tulsa, Oklahoma was acquired by the W. C. Bradley Co. in 2001. Zebco is a designer and marketer of branded fishing tackle in North America. The brands marketed by this division include Zebco, Rhino, Quantum, Lew, and Martin.
In 2005 it was announced that Char-Broil would transition all Char-Broil grill production from Georgia to China by the end of 2006. The Char-Broil division is still headquartered in Columbus.
Brands
Char-Broil
Lamplight
Zebco
Quantum
Rhino
Lews
Martin
Van Staal
Tiki
Thermos
Grill Lover's
External links
W. C. Bradley Co.
Categories: Companies established in 1885 | Privately held companies of the United States | Industrial supply companies | Manufacturing companies of the United States | Sporting goods manufacturers of the United States | Companies based in Columbus, Georgia
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Vans for rubber beach shoes

yingxong — Mon, 10 Aug 2009 03:40:01 +0200

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Logo

Picture of a pair of Vans skate shoes.
Vans is an American based manufacturer of sneakers, BMX shoes and other shoe types catering primarily to the skateboarder/surfer youth market.
Contents
1 History
2 Music scene
3 Stores in Europe
4 References
5 External links

//

History
Paul and Jim Van Doren, along with Gordon Lee, were the original designer/owner/founders of Vans. Originally known as Van Doren Rubber Company, Vans was founded on October 28, 1966 in the city of Corona, California.
All Vans shoes were produced in the store and, decades later, American production of Vans shoes ended in July 2007. Vans began taking custom orders when people wanted different color schemes on their shoes.
Music scene
Kevin Lyman suggested a nation-wide music tour to Vans, while Steve Van Doren wanted to do a skateboarding competition nation-wide, which then became Warped Tour with its first appearance in 1995 at the Hard Rock Cafe in Newport Beach, California. It became the Vans Warped Tour in 1996. CA.
The bay area hip-hop scene has begun to show interest in the brand, which has been popularized by the hip-hop group The Pack. The punk / ska band The Suicide Machines wrote The Vans Song as a tribute to the brand and the rap group The Pack followed suit with their song, Vans.
Bands such as Iron Maiden, Mot?rhead, The Descendents, Rise Against, Dropkick Murphys, The Germs, Slayer, Slipknot, Bad Brains and KISS have shoes made in collaboration with Vans. Motorhead has one series, while Iron Maiden now has four, Piece of Mind in lowtops, and Killers, The Trooper and a new Powerslave version all in high and low tops.
Stores in Europe
Vans currently operates retail stores in Carnaby Street and White City in London as well as Leeds in the UK, Amsterdam, Utrecht, Antwerp, Barcelona, Berlin and Paris.
There are outlet stores in Cheshire Oaks, Bridgend, Bicester Village, Portsmouth, Banbridge, La Vall Village, La Roca Village, Las Rozas Village, Roermond and Parndorf.
References
^ History of Vans from 1966 through to now - Vans and Vans, Inc. - Company History
^ Sneaker Freaker Magazine
^ Sneaker Freaker Magazine
External links
Official website
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Capsular contracture for breast enhancem...

yingxong — Sun, 09 Aug 2009 10:39:01 +0200

Anti-aging Supplement ,

Grade IV capsular contracture in the right breast of a 29-year-old woman seven years after subglandular placement of 560cc silicone gel-filled breast implants
Capsular contracture is an abnormal response of the immune system to foreign materials. It is most discussed in the context of complications from breast implants and artificial joint prosthetics.
Capsules of tightly-woven collagen fibers normally form as an immune response around a foreign body (eg. breast implants, pacemakers, orthopedic joint prosthetics), tending to wall it off. Capsular contracture occurs when the capsule tightens and squeezes the implant. This contracture is a complication that can be very painful and distort the appearance of the implanted breast or limit the range of motion of an artificial joint. The exact cause of contracture is not known. However, some factors include bacterial contamination, silicone breast implant rupture or leakage, and hematoma. Capsular contracture may happen again after additional surgery.
Methods which have reduced capsular contracture include submuscular breast implant placement, using textured or polyurethane-coated implants, limiting handling of the implants and skin contact prior to insertion and irrigation with triple-antibiotic solutions.
Correction of capsular contracture may require surgical removal or release of the capsule, or removal and possible replacement of the implant itself. Closed capsulotomy (disrupting the capsule via external manipulation), a once common maneuver for treating hard capsules, has been discouraged as it can cause implant rupture. Nonsurgical methods of treating capsules include massage, external ultrasound, treatment with leukotriene pathway inhibitors (Accolate, Singulair), and pulsed electromagnetic field therapy.
Mentor, one of the two FDA-approved breast implant manufacturers, performed a study which documented patient's complications with the product. In an FDA meeting presentation in March 2000, they found that 43% of saline implant patients reported a complication within three years. Ten percent of those complaints were of severe capsular contracture.
There are four grades of breast capsular contracture - Baker grades I through IV. The Baker grading is as follows:
Grade I the breast is normally soft and looks natural
Grade II the breast is a little firm but looks normal
Grade III the breast is firm and looks abnormal
Grade IV the breast is hard, painful, and looks abnormal.
Sources
Section on Complications from the FDA Breast Implant Consumer Handbook - 2004. Most of the above text was copied verbatim from this public domain source.
Safety of Silicone Breast Implants. Institute of Medicine National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 2000.
Breast Augmentation and Breast Implants Information Website - ImplantInfo by Nicole
References
^ Barnsley GP (2006). "Textured surface breast implants in the prevention of capsular contracture among breast augmentation patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.". Plast Reconstr Surg. 117 (7): 218290. doi:10.1097/01.prs.0000218184.47372.d5. PMID 16772915.
^ Wong CH, Samuel M, Tan BK, Song C. (2006). "Capsular contracture in subglandular breast augmentation with textured versus smooth breast implants: a systematic review". Plast Reconstr Surg. 118 (5): 122436. doi:10.1097/01.prs.0000237013.50283.d2. PMID 17016195.
^ Handel N, et al (may 2006). "Long-term safety and efficacy of polyurethane foam-covered breast implants.". Aesth. Surg Journal 26 (3): 26574. doi:10.1016/j.asj.2006.04.001.
^ Mladick RA (1993). ""No-touch" submuscular saline breast augmentation technique.". Aesth. Surg Journal 17 (3): 18392. doi:10.1007/BF00636260. PMID 8213311.
^ Adams WP jr., et al (2006). "Enhancing patient outcomes in aesthetic and reconstructive breast surgery using triple antibiotic breast irrigation: six-year prospective clinical study.". Plast Reconstr Surg. 117 (1): 3036. PMID 16404244.
^ Planas J (2001). "Five-year experience on ultrasonic treatment of breast contractures.". Aesthetic Plast Surg. 25 (2): 8993. doi:10.1007/s002660010102. PMID 11349308.
^ Schlesinger SL, wt al (2002). "Zafirlukast (Accolate): A new treatment for capsular contracture.". Aesthetic Plast Surg. 22 (4): 329336.
^ Scuderi N, et al. (2006). "The effects of zafirlukast on capsular contracture: preliminary report.". Aesthetic Plast Surg. 30 (5): 51320. doi:10.1007/s00266-006-0038-3. PMID 16977359.
^ Silver H (1982). "Reduction of capsular contracture with two-stage augmentation mammaplasty and pulsed electromagnetic energy (Diapulse therapy).". Plast Reconstr Surg. 69 (5): 8028. doi:10.1097/00006534-198205000-00013. PMID 7071225.
External links
Capsular contracture photos at www.implantinfo.com
Capsular contracture photos at www.implantinfo.com
Photos of a removed breast implant with capsule at www.implantinfo.com
Capsular contracture photos
Categories: Plastic surgery | Breast | Implants
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Suzuki Boulevard C109R for Chrome Tire V...

yingxong — Sun, 09 Aug 2009 09:35:01 +0200

Butterfly Valves, Globe Valves, Gate Valve ,

Features: 1) Sizes: 40mm - 2,000mm 2) Seal: stainless steel/brass 3) Body: cast iron/cast steel 4) Standards: JB, JB/T, DIN, ASTM 5) Type: non-rising stem cast iron gate valve 6) Pressure: 1.6 / 2.5 / 4.0MPa (16 / 25 / 40kg) 7) Connection type: flange end 8) Control method: automatic 9) Advantages: good appearance, long service life and flexible switchConveyance: By steam shipOuter packing: Carton box Volume: 1.1cbmmor

Suzuki Boulevard C109R
Manufacturer
Suzuki
Also called
C109R, C1800R
Production
2006-Present
Class
Cruiser
Engine
Liquid Cooled DOHC 1783cm3 V-twin
Transmission
5-speed, Shaft
Wheelbase
2580 mm (101.6 in)
Dimensions
L 2450mm (96.5 in.) W 985 mm (38.8 in) H 1150 mm (45.3 in)
Weight
357 kg (787 lbs)
The Suzuki Boulevard C109R motorcycle was introduced in 2008 as Suzuki's V-Twin Cruiser. The same model is sold in Europe as the Suzuki Intruder C1800R.
Contents
1 General background
2 Chassis Features
3 Engine Features
4 Key Features
5 Performance
6 See also
7 References

//

General background
Chassis Features
High-tensile double cradle steel frame is built to comfortably handle all the power and torque while delivering agile handling and a plush smooth ride
New cast alloy wheels feature a 10 spoke radial design for a clean and classic look. The new cast wheels measure a 3.50 x 16 inch up front and a massive 8.00 x 16 inch rear tire wearing a huge 240mm radial tire
New combined braking system utilizes three pistons per caliper for the dual disc front braking system. When applying the front brake lever two pistons work at the front. When using the rear brake pedal both front brake and rear brake systems are combined using the rear brake and the middle piston of the front brake calipers.
New pull back type handlebars feature a deep chrome plated finish and a beautiful wide design for a massive look
49mm front forks feature thick chrome covers for a stylish new look and feature 130mm of wheel travel
Link type aluminum swingarm creating a rigid tail look with light weight and high rigidity
Stylish and wide fuel tank design is built highlight the classic lines of the C109R with a large 5 gallon fuel capacity for maximum rider enjoyment
New spacious floorboards for increased rider comfort and control
Engine Features
1783cc, 4-valve DOHC, 54 degree, liquid-cooled, fuel injected V-twin engine designed for strong throttle response and massive torque output
112mm bore and 90.5mm stroke utilizing forged aluminum alloy pistons with short skirts, and cut away sides riding on chrome moly steel connecting rods
Unique new two-stage cam drive system creates a compact cylinder head design and reduces overall engine height and creates a lower center of gravity
Each bore is lined with Suzuki's race proven SCEM (Suzuki Composite Electrochemical Material) for optimum heat transfer, tighter piston-to-cylinder clearances and reduced weight
Crank inertia for the C109R is increased by 20% for increased torque delivery at low speed and for reduced vibration across the rpm range
A compact dry sump lubrication system SASS (Suzuki Advanced Sump System) provides reduced engine height, a lower crankshaft position and lower center of gravity
Five speed transmission features carefully selected gear ratios for comfortable cruising in a variety of riding situations
Three piece airbox uses dual intakes working through a pleated fabric air cleaner element
Electronic fuel injection system features the Suzuki Dual Throttle Valve system (SDTV) with 52mm throttle bodies - maintains optimum air velocity for smooth low-to-mid range throttle response
A new Idle Speed Control (ISC) system improves cold starting and stabilizes engine idle speed in various conditions
Dual spark plug per cylinder ignition system is controlled by the powerful 32 bit ECM for improved combustion efficiency and reduced exhaust emissions
The 2-into1-into-2 stainless steel chromed exhaust system features Suzuki's digitally controlled SET (Suzuki Exhaust Tuning) system for optimum engine performance and powerful v-twin sound
Key Features
New classic design brings combines the clean, sweeping good looks of a classic cruiser with high performance provided by Suzuki advanced technology
Performance
See also
Suzuki Boulevard M109R
References
http://www.suzukicycles.com/
v?d?eSuzuki Motorcycles
Type
1990s
2000s
2010s
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
Cruisers
Boulevard C109R/Intruder C1800R
Naked bikes
GS500
VX800
GSF400
GSX1100
GSF600 Bandit
GSF750
GSF1200 Bandit
GSF1250S Bandit
B-King
Sport bikes
GSX-R250
GSX-R400
GSX-R600
GSX-R750
GSX-R1100
GSX600F Katana
GSX750F Katana
TL1000S
TL1000R
SV650
SV1000
Sport touring bikes
RF600F
DL650 V-Strom
RF900F
DL1000 V-Strom
..(and so on)
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Tabi for Steel Toe Socks

yingxong — Sun, 09 Aug 2009 08:37:01 +0200

Slim Camisole ,

EM1015 slim camisole with far infrared ray and negative ions

A pair of tabi socks.

Woman in early Showa-period clothing wearing tabi; note the red cloth thong (or flip-flop) between the big toe and other toes.
Tabi (?? ?) are traditional Japanese socks. Ankle high and with a separation between the big toe and other toes, they are worn by both men and women with zori, geta, and other traditional thonged footwear. Tabi are also essential with traditional clothingimono and other wafuku. The most common colour is white, and white tabi are worn in formal situations such as at tea ceremonies. Men sometimes wear blue or black tabi for travelling. Patterned and coloured tabi are also available and are worn most often by women, though they are gaining popularity among men as well.
Construction workers, farmers and gardeners, rickshaw-pullers, and other workmen often wear a type of tabi called jika-tabi (???? ,tabi that contact the ground?). Being made of heavier, tougher material and often having rubber soles, jika-tabi resemble boots and function as outer footwear rather than as socks. Like other tabi, jika-tabi are toe-divided so they can be worn with slip-on thonged footwear. Shojiro Ishibashi, the founder of major tire company Bridgestone Corporation, is credited with their innovation.
Though slowly being replaced by steel-toed rigid-sole construction shoes in some industries, many workers prefer them for the softness of their soles. This gives wearers tactile contact with the ground and also lets them use their feet more agilely than rigid-soled shoes allow: for instance, people who traverse girders on construction sites like to know what is under their feet, and craft practitioners such as carpenters and gardeners additionally use their feet as if they were an extra pair of hands, for example to hold objects in place.
In contrast to socks that, when pulled on, fit the foot snugly because of their elastic weave, tabi are sewn together from cloth cut to form. They are open at the back so they can be slipped on and have a row of fasteners along the opening so they can be closed.
Contents
1 Modern versions
2 See also
2.1 Japanese footwear
2.2 Socks

//

Modern versions
Nowadays, tabi socksocks with a separation between the big toe and its neighbor to allow wear with thonged footwearre also available. This reflects the number of people who still prefer to wear zori and geta, especially during Japan's hot, humid summers.
A related item are toe socks, which have 5 separate compartments; these are called ?????? (5 toe socks).
See also
Japanese footwear
Japanese clothing
Jika-tabi
zori
geta
waraji
Socks
stocking
socks
toe socks

v?d?eHosiery
Lower leg: Bobby socks Bootee Knee highs Leg warmer Loose socks Socks Tabi Toe socksFull leg: Fully fashioned stockings Hold-ups Leggings Legskin Pantyhose Stocking TightsHistorical: Boothose HoseBrands: Aerie Aristoc Frederick's of Hollywood Gerbe Gilly Hicks Hanes HanesBrands Jockey International Lggs Levante No nonsense SPANX Victoria's Secret We Love Colors Wolford Tabio

v?d?eMen's undergarments
Upper body
Sleeveless shirt (A-shirt, muscle shirt, singlet, tank top, wifebeater) T-shirt Undershirt
Lower body
Bikini Boxer briefs Boxer shorts Briefs (slip, Y-fronts) Fundoshi G-string Jockstrap (athletic supporter) Compression shorts Thong Trunks
Full body
Long underwear (long johns)
Hosiery
Sock Stocking Tabi
Historical
Braies Breechcloth Chausses Codpiece Doublet Garter Hose Loincloth Union suit
Brands
2(x)ist Abercrombie & Fitch Andrew Christian aussieBum BVD California Muscle Calvin Klein Dolce & Gabbana Express Fruit of the Loom Hanes Hollister Co. Jockey International Ruehl No.925 Under Armour
Categories: Socks | Japanese footwear
Hidden categories: Articles containing Japanese language text(and so on)
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Ostomachion for Rectangular Serving Tray

yingxong — Fri, 07 Aug 2009 09:58:01 +0200

AA/AAA Dry Batteries with Paper Tray ,

Features: 1) 1.5V carbon battery 2) AAA size 3) 4pcs/shrink pack 4) PVC jacket 5) Metal top and metal bottom or plastic top and flat bottom 6) Diameter: 9.5 - 10. 5mm 7) Height: 43.3 - 44. 5mm 8) Nominal weight: 7g/pc 9) Shelf life: 15 months 10) OEM orders acceptable Inner packing: 5doz/boxOuter packing: 36 boxes/ctnConveyance: Qty/20' FCL: 1,500ctn AA/AAA Dry Batteries with Paper Tray mo

Ostomachion
Ostomachion is a mathematical treatise attributed to Archimedes. This work has survived fragmentarily in an Arabic version and in a copy of the original ancient Greek text made in Byzantine times. The word Ostomachion has as its roots the Greek word ??????????, which means "bone-fight". Note that the manuscripts refer to the word as "Stomachion", an apparent corruption of the original Greek. Ausonius gives us the correct name "Ostomachion" ("quod Graeci ostomachion vocavere"). The Ostomachion which he describes - called in Latin also "loculus Archimedius" - was a puzzle similar to tangrams and was played perhaps by several persons with pieces made of bone. It is not known which is older, Archimedes' geometrical investigation of the figure, or the game.
Contents
1 Game
2 Mathematical problem
3 Selected bibliography
4 External links

//

Game
The game is a 14-piece dissection puzzle originally forming a square. The object of the game was to form different objects, animals, plants etc. by rearranging the pieces: an elephant, a tree, a barking dog, a ship, a sword, a tower etc. An online version of the play can be found in the Bibliotheca Augustana (instructions in Latin). A hands-on acrylic version in holding tray is available from Kadon Enterprises, Inc.
Mathematical problem
Archimedes demonstrates in the treatise that each of the pieces has an area that is an integer fraction of the total area of the square. In the Greek version of the treatise, he also investigates the sizes of the angles of the pieces to see which could go together to make a straight line. The implication is that he was attempting to show how many ways in which the pieces could be assembled to form a square, although there is not enough of the Greek text remaining to be sure. If this is the case, then Archimedes anticipated aspects of combinatorics. The goal of combinatorics is to determine how many ways a given problem can be solved.
The Greek text of the fragment can also be found in the Bibliotheca Augustana website.
This is an English translation of the text of the fragmentary Arabic manuscript (translated from Hermann Suter's German translation in: Archimedis opera omnia, vol. 2, p. 420 sqq., ed. J. L. Heiberg, Leipzig 1881, as published in the Bibliotheca Augustana website):
" We draw a [rectangular] parallelogram ABGD, we bisect BG in E and draw EZ perpendicular to BG, we draw the diagonals AG, BZ, and ZG, we also bisect BE in H, and draw HT perpendicular to BE, then we put the ruler at point H and - looking to point A - we draw HK, then bisect AL in M, and draw BM. So the A-E rectangle is divided into seven parts. Now we bisect DG in N, ZG in C, we draw EC and attaching the ruler to the points B and C we draw CO, furthermore CN. Thus the rectangle ZG is also divided in seven parts, but in another way than the first one. Therefore, the whole square has fourteen parts.
We now demonstrate that each of the fourteen parts is in rational relationship to the whole square.
Because ZG is the diagonal of the rectangle Z-G, the triangle DZG is half of this rectangle, that means 1/4 of the square. But the triangle GNC is 1/4 of triangle DZG, because, if we extend the line EC, it comes to point D, and that means triangle GDC has half area of the triangle DZG and is equal to the two triangles GNC and DNC taken together; that means triangle GNC is 1/16 of the square. If we presume that line OC is orientated to point B, as we have drawn it before, so the line NC is parallel to BG, which is the side of the square and of the triangle OBG, so we get the proportion
BG: NC = GO: NO.
But BG is four times NC, and in the same way GO four times NO; therefore is GN three times NO, and triangle GNC = 3 ONC. However, as we have shown, triangle GNC is 1/16 of the square, that means triangle ONC = 1/48 of the square. Furthermore, as triangle GDZ = 1/4 of the square, and therefore GNC = 1/16 of that triangle and NCO = 1/48 of that, it remains for the rectangle DOCZ = 1/6 of the square area. According to the proposition that line NC intersects point F, and GE is parallel to CF, we get the proportion
EC: CF = EQ: CQ = GQ: FQ.
Because EQ = 2 CQ and GQ = 2 FQ, triangle EQG is double to the two triangles GCQ and EFQ. It is clear, that triangle EGZ = 2 times triangle EFG, because ZE = 2 FE. Otherwise, the triangle EGZ = 1/4 of the square, that means triangle EFG = 1/8 of the square. This triangle is three times as big as each of the two triangles EFQ and GCQ, so each of these two triangles = 1/24 of the square A-G. And the triangle EGQ is double to each of the two triangles EFQ and GCQ, so it is = 1/12 of the square. Furthermore because ZF = EF, triangle ZFG = triangle EFG. If we now take away triangle GCQ (= triangle EFQ), it remains rectangle FQCZ (= triangle EGQ), therefore rectangle FQCZ = 1/12 of the square...(and so on)
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